In 2007, Martin Luther Agwai was deployed to Darfur as Force Commander of UNAMID, which, as the first African Union-UN hybrid mission, was to become the largest peacekeeping operation in the world. Four years earlier, Darfur had imploded, descending into violent conflicts. The international community - in the form of both activists and state actors - felt it could not remain uninvolved lest a genocide on the scale of Rwanda occurred. Despite such lofty intentions, UNAMID proved to be high on promise but low on commitment and delivery. Ultimately, it failed to address the conflicts taking place, much less build a sustainable peace.

Agwai provides unique insight into what went wrong in Darfur, and the myriad challenges facing international peacekeeping operations more generally. Crucially, he highlights the lack of multi-level cooperation between the people of Darfur and the intervening parties, and how the absence of a bottom-up approach to peacebuilding works against peace being both achieved and maintained.

Martin Luther Agwai served as Force Commander of UNAMID in 2007-2009, and was Nigeria's Chief of Army Staff and Chief of Defence Staff in, respectively, 2003-2006 and 2006-2007. Since 2016, he has been a Visiting Professor at the African Leadership Centre, King's College, London.

Akibode Fasakin is Research Aide to General Agwai. He is a Doctoral Candidate at the Swedish Defence University and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. He was a Fellow of the African Leadership Centre's Peace and Security Programme at King's College, London.