First published in 1987. Great Britain secured and expanded its informal empire in China during the five years following the Sino-Japanese War. From 1895 through 1900 Lord Salisbury accepted England’s traditional, commercially oriented China policy and adapted it to dramatically altered political conditions in East Asia. Through the efforts of Sir Claude MacDonald, Britain met the commercial and political challenges of its European competitors and implemented the "open door," a strong but maligned policy. With the assistance of Britain’s indigenous collaborators, England managed to maintain a greatly weakened Manchu dynasty and to increase its financial, commercial, and informal political power in China without the use of military force or formal alliance. In order to help the reader understand Britain’s informal empire in China, the author reviews the historical background which brought China into Britain’s expanding economy.

Dale Lehman is Professor of Economics and Director of the MBA Program at Alaska Pacific University. He also teaches courses at Danube University and the Vienna University of Technology. He has held positions at a dozen universities and for several telecommunications companies. He holds a B.A. in Economics from SUNY at Stony Brook and M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Rochester. He has authored numerous articles and two books on topics related to microeconomic theory, decision making under uncertainty, and public policy, particularly concerning telecommunications and natural resources.

Huybert Groenendaal is a managing partner and senior risk analysis consultant at EpiX Analytics. As a consultant, he helps clients using risk analysis modeling techniques in a broad range of industries. He has extensive experience in risk modeling in business development, financial valuation, and R&D portfolio evaluation within the pharmaceutical and medical device industries, but also works regularly in a variety of other fields, including investment management, health and epidemiology, and inventory management. He also teaches a number of risk analysis training classes, gives guest lectures at a number of universities, and is adjunct professor at Colorado State University. He holds a M.Sc. and Ph.D. from Wageningen University and an MBA in Finance from the Wharton School of Business.

Greg Nolder is VP of Applied Analytics at Denali Alaskan Federal Credit Union. The mission of the Applied Analytics Department is to promote and improve the application of analytical techniques for measuring and managing risks at Denali Alaskan as well as the greater credit union industry. Along with Huybert, Greg is also an instructor of risk analysis courses for Statistics.com. Prior to Denali Alaskan he has had a varied career including work with EpiX Analytics as a risk analysis consultant for clients from numerous industries, sales engineer, application engineer, test engineer, and air traffic controller. Greg received a M.S. in Operations Research from Southern Methodist University as well as a B.S. in Electrical Engineering and a B.S. in Aviation Technology, both from Purdue University.