An analysis of the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne from multiple historical, economic, and social perspectives.
 
The last of the post-World War One peace settlements, the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne departed from methods used in the Treaty of Versailles and took on a new peace-making initiative: a forced population exchange that affected one and a half million people. Like its German and Austro-Hungarian allies, the defeated Ottoman Empire had initially been presented with a dictated peace in 1920. In just two years, however, the Kemalist insurgency enabled Turkey to become the first sovereign state in the Middle East, while the Greeks, Armenians, Arabs, Egyptians, Kurds, and other communities previously under the Ottoman Empire sought their own forms of sovereignty.

Featuring historical analysis from multiple perspectives, They All Made Peace, What Is Peace? considers the Lausanne Treaty and its legacy. Chapters investigate British, Turkish, and Soviet designs in the post-Ottoman world, situate the population exchanges relative to other peacemaking efforts, and discuss the economic factors behind the reallocation of Ottoman debt and the management of refugee flows. Further chapters examine Kurdish, Arab, Iranian, Armenian, and other communities that were refused formal accreditation at Lausanne, but which were still forced to live with the consequences, consequences that are still emerging, one hundred years on.
 

Jonathan Conlin is a senior lecturer at the University of Southampton and cofounder of the Lausanne Project, a forum for scholarship on interwar relations between the Middle East and the wider world. His books include Mr. Five Per Cent and Tales of Two Cities. Ozan Ozavci is assistant professor of transimperial history at Utrecht University and, with Jonathan Conlin, cofounder of the Lausanne Project. He is the author of Dangerous Gifts and Intellectual Origins of the Republic.