In recent years, the concepts of determinism, causality, and explanation have taken on particular importance in the economic literature. Due to the failures of economic predictions based on mathematical models, philosophers and economists turned their attention to methodological issues. At the same time, heterodox approaches to economics have received increased attention, including the Austrian School of Economics: an intellectual tradition which perceives economics as a science of human action and has emphasized the role of causal explanations practically from its inception. This book opens by exploring disputes In the philosophy of science over the fundamental goal of science. While instrumentalists argue that scientists should aim at good predictions regardless of veracity of theories, according to scientific realists, they should look for knowledge that reflects reality. The book shows that the Austrian tradition adheres to scientific realism and can be perceived as a middle ground between historicism and positivism. It discusses the determinism / free will problem in economics and its methodological relevance. Then, it examines various theories of causality (regularity, counterfactual, interventionist, probabilistic, process/mechanistic) and their applicability to economics. Finally, it explores possible and desirable types of explanations in economics. As the book tries to show, the Austrian school offers a unique and valuable approach to these issues. The book will be of particular interest to readers in economic theory, philosophy of economics and economic methodology, especially those appreciating heterodox traditions.

Dawid Megger is an Assistant Professor at the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, where he teaches microeconomics and public choice theory, among others. His research interests revolve around economic theory, methodology, and political economy. His articles on the philosophy of free action and voluntary exchange in economics have been published in such world-class journals as Journal of Economic Methodology and Synthese. He also participates in international conferences across Europe. In 2024, he received Hayek Prize for the second place in the competition for the best research paper at the 8th Annual Madrid Conference on Austrian Economics.